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Note: Growth rates are compound annual growth rates for 2010 to 2019, 2020 to 2024, and 2024 to 2026. We use product supplied to estimate consumption.
U.S. jet fuel consumption growth has slowed in 2025, following a period of rapid consumption growth after 2020, as U.S. air travel recovered from the COVID-19 pandemic. We forecast the slowdown in jet fuel consumption growth will continue through 2026, falling below both the accelerated rate of the previous four years and the longer-term growth rate seen during the 2010s. Contributing factors include rising economic concerns weighing on flight demand and ongoing improvements in commercial aircraft fleet fuel economy.
Tags: jet fuel, liquid fuels, consumption/demand, forecasts/projections
Data values: U.S. Natural Gas Supply, Consumption, and Inventories
We forecast natural gas consumption in the United States will increase 1% to set a record of 91.4 billion cubic feet per day (Bcf/d) in 2025. In our latest Short-Term Energy Outlook, we expect natural gas consumption to increase across all sectors except for electric power, which had been the source of most natural gas consumption growth in the previous decade.
Tags: natural gas, consumption/demand, STEO (Short-Term Energy Outlook)
Data values: Primary energy, electricity, and total energy expenditure estimates
Alaska has the highest per capita energy expenditures of any state at $12,100, according to our recently published State Energy Data System information for 2023. Wyoming and North Dakota spent the next most on energy at $10,100 and $9,300 per capita, respectively. All three states spent twice as much as the national average of $4,700. Florida had the lowest per capita energy expenditures at $3,700, followed by New York and Maryland at $3,800 each.
Tags: Alaska, states, Florida, prices, Wyoming, North Dakota, New York, electricity, natural gas, gasoline, liquid fuels, distillate fuel, jet fuel, petroleum products, oil/petroleum, industrial
Developers added 12 gigawatts (GW) of new utility-scale solar electric generating capacity in the United States during the first half of 2025, and they plan to add another 21 GW in the second half of the year, according to our latest survey of electric generating capacity changes. If those plans are realized, solar would account for more than half of the 64 GW that developers plan to bring online this year. Battery storage, wind, and natural gas power plants account for virtually all of the remaining capacity additions for 2025.
Tags: electricity, generation, capacity, solar, natural gas, wind, storage, retirements
Data values: U.S. Natural Gas Supply, Consumption, and Inventories
In our latest Short-Term Energy Outlook, we forecast U.S. working natural gas inventories will reach 3,872 billion cubic feet (Bcf) by the end of October, or 2% more than the previous five-year average for that time of year. Natural gas inventories grew quickly in late April through early June, with seven consecutive weeks of net injections to inventories exceeding 100 Bcf each for the first time since 2014.
Tags: storage, natural gas, inventories/stocks
Data values: Reliability–2024 Data Early Release
Even without accounting for electricity interruptions resulting from major events such as hurricanes, customers in Puerto Rico experienced on average 27 hours of power grid interruptions per year between 2021 and 2024. By comparison, electricity customers in the mainland United States generally experience about two hours of electricity interruptions per year without major events.
Tags: annual, electricity, outages, electric power grid
Data values: Primary Energy Overview and Primary Energy Exports by Source
Note: Other includes biomass, coal coke, and electricity.
In 2024, the United States exported about 30% of its domestic primary energy production. This percentage has grown considerably in recent decades, according to data in our Monthly Energy Review. Nearly all of the exports were fossil fuels destined for other countries in North America, Europe, or Asia.
Tags: exports/imports, production/supply, international, crude oil, oil/petroleum, liquid fuels, natural gas, coal, Europe, Mexico, Canada, India, China
Data values: Power Reactor Information System
Five countries account for more than two-thirds of the world’s total nuclear electricity generation capacity. The United States has the most capacity, followed by France, China, Russia, and South Korea, based on International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) data as of June 2025. Globally, 416 nuclear power reactors are operating in 31 countries, with a total installed net generating capacity of 376 gigawatts (GW).
Tags: nuclear, electricity, generation, power plants, international, United States, China, Russia, South Korea
Note: Data for 2025 are preliminary. 1H25=first half of 2025. figure data
From 2020 to 2024, crude oil and condensate exports from Russia averaged 5.0 million barrels per day (b/d). Exports from Russia in the first half of 2025 (1H25) were 4.3 million b/d (compared with 4.8 million b/d in 2024). Even as crude oil export volumes from Russia have remained relatively high, the destination of these exports has shifted, mainly due to sanctions related to Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022.
Tags: international, exports/imports, liquid fuels, crude oil, Russia, oil/petroleum
Note: Refinery margin is calculated as the 3-2-1 crack spread on the U.S. Atlantic Coast, which represents the price of two barrels of gasoline and one barrel of distillate fuel oil minus three barrels of Brent crude oil. 2Q25=second quarter of 2025
Energy prices—along with other globally traded commodities, equities, and currencies—were more volatile in the second quarter of 2025 (2Q25) amid significant uncertainty from concerns over economic growth as well as geopolitical tensions in the Middle East. The geopolitical uncertainty has affected crude oil prices and refinery margins, and shifting government policies have affected biofuel compliance credit prices.
Tags: oil/petroleum, petroleum products, prices, production/supply, international, liquid fuels, Brent, biofuels
Electricity demand in the Lower 48 states exceeded previous peaks on two days in the last week of July.
Tags: electricity, generation, consumption/demand, weather
In our recently published Annual Energy Outlook 2025 (AEO2025), we introduced our new Hydrogen Market Module (HMM), which allows us to model the market for hydrogen in the coming decades.
Tags: AEO (Annual Energy Outlook), hydrogen, industrial, transportation, methane, natural gas, forecasts/projections
Data values: U.S. Regional Electricity Sales to Ultimate Customers and U.S. Regional Electricity Generation, Electric Power Sector
In our most recent Short-Term Energy Outlook (STEO), we forecast nationwide U.S. retail electricity sales to ultimate customers will grow at an annual rate of 2.2% in both 2025 and 2026, compared with average growth of 0.8% between 2020 and 2024. The forecast reflects rapid electricity demand growth in Texas and several mid-Atlantic states, where the grid is managed by the Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT) and the PJM Interconnection, respectively. We expect electricity demand in ERCOT to grow at an average rate of 11% in 2025 and 2026 while the PJM region grows by 4%.
Tags: electricity, generation, consumption/demand, Texas, states, STEO (Short-Term Energy Outlook), forecasts/projections, Mid-Atlantic
This TIE was updated on August 4 to clarify language.
Note: Prices are adjusted for inflation.
The value of energy trade between the United States and Canada remained steady in 2024 at an estimated $151 billion compared with $154 billion in 2023, according to data from the U.S. Census Bureau. Energy trade value is the total value of energy imports and exports between two countries and is driven by commodity volumes and prices. Most of the U.S.-Canada trade value is U.S. energy imports from Canada—$124 billion in 2024—rather than from U.S. energy exports to Canada, which totaled $27 billion last year.
Tags: prices, international, electricity, natural gas, exports/imports, United States, liquid fuels, Canada, crude oil, oil/petroleum, petroleum products
In our Annual Energy Outlook 2025 (AEO2025), we project regional differences in natural gas markets will encourage increased natural gas flows from the mid-Atlantic to the southern Gulf Coast in the coming decades. Across the cases we explored, we project production from the Appalachian Basin in the mid-Atlantic and Ohio region will increasingly meet growing demand on the Gulf Coast in the South Central region, driven largely by increasing liquefied natural gas (LNG) exports. The economics of increased production in the Appalachian Basin are more favorable by 2030, and our model shows natural gas transiting through the Eastern Midwest region on the way to the Gulf Coast.
Tags: natural gas, AEO (Annual Energy Outlook), forecasts/projections, production/supply, consumption/demand, exports/imports, LNG (liquefied natural gas), Henry Hub, prices, Marcellus, Permian, Haynesville, Gulf Coast, map
